State laws declaring that AI lacks legal personhood are premature and too categorical.
At least nine U.S. state legislatures have introduced or enacted laws declaring that artificial intelligence (AI) systems cannot possess consciousness, legal personhood, or moral status, even as the AI company Anthropic describes its own model’s moral status as “deeply uncertain” and new research on AI cognition continues to arrive.
Every such law closes the question of AI personhood permanently. Idaho enacted such a law in 2022. North Dakota followed in 2023. Utah did so in 2024. In March 2026, Oklahoma’s House of Representatives passed its AI consciousness bill 94 to 2. Bills are pending in Ohio, Tennessee, South Carolina, Washington, and Missouri. None include a sunset clause, under which a law must be reauthorized to maintain legal effect, nor a mechanism for scientific review, and none distinguish between current AI systems and whatever comes next.
In November 2024, voters in Everett, Washington approved a ballot initiative giving the Snohomish River legal rights. Three months later, Washington State Representative Hunter Abell (R-Olympia) introduced a bill that would outlaw the granting of legal status to various nonhuman entities, calling it a response to “a radical, anti-development agenda.” In Abell’s bill, AI was swept into the prohibition alongside atmospheric gases, astronomical objects, and weather. Washington, South Carolina, and Missouri all use an identical enumerated list of 11 prohibited categories and the same statutory definitions copied from Utah’s law. Coordinated advocacy through model legislation is standard practice in American lawmaking. In most of these states, AI consciousness was not debated on its own terms.
In Ohio, House Bill 469 declares that “no AI system shall be considered to possess consciousness, self-awareness, or similar traits of living beings.” Missouri’s AI Non-Sentience and Responsibility Act declares AI systems “non-sentient entities” for all purposes under state law. The Ohio bill’s sponsor, asked how he could be confident that AI would never develop inner experience, said that the answer was “imago dei”—that humans bear God’s image, and moral agency flows from that. Utah’s sponsor reportedly framed his bill as stopping personhood from being “weaponized.” Legislatures codify scientific findings all the time, and it usually works. Legal definitions of death and intoxication rest on broad scientific agreement. But these bills are different. They legislate certainty where the science remains unsettled. No current AI system qualifies as a strong candidate for consciousness under any leading theory.
When surveyed, 582 AI researchers assigned a median 25 to 30 percent chance that AI systems will have some form of “inner experience” within a decade. That means a 70 to 75 percent chance that they will not. These are not numbers that demand precautionary governance. But a bill that declares AI non-conscious correctly and a bill that does so incorrectly are written identically. Both contain no capacity for self-correction.
In April, Anthropic’s interpretability team published research on emotion-like representations inside the model—structures that the team says causally drive behavior. The researchers cautioned that the findings do not tell us whether language models actually feel anything. This is one company’s research about its own product. But the statutory language in nine states does not leave room for that kind of uncertainty..
In 1996, Congress passed the Dickey Amendment, prohibiting funding for the Center for Disease Control from being used to “advocate or promote gun control.” The law did not ban research on gun violence, but funding for research declined 96 percent anyway, and the drought lasted 24 years. Institutions read the legislative signal and acted accordingly, without any enforcement needed. These state AI bills do not restrict research funding, and the mechanism differs. But it has happened before. AI systems now operate in health care, financial markets, and military deployments. If oversight bodies treat the question of AI inner states as legally settled, the practical consequences fall on the systems for which the science matters most. The Nonhuman Rights Project has already challenged Utah’s law on separation-of-powers grounds. The case is pending.
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